Science, Technology, and Global Security

Past Projects – 1990s

• Center for Advanced Studies in Amazonian Biodiversity (PROBEM/Amazonia): The Academy hosted an international planning meeting to develop a proposal for a new world-class research center in Brazil that would help develop the country’s research capabilities in the life sciences. Amazonian biodiversity is not only a unique source of chemical, ecological, and genetic material for biotechnological development; it is also a valuable resource that must be protected for the future. Several Academy Fellows served on the international scientific steering committee that worked with Brazilian scientists and government officials to establish the center. Go to the Amazon Biotechnology Center website.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1998-2001
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Jerrold Meinwald (Cornell University), Thomas Eisner (Cornell University), Koji Nakanishi (Columbia University), and Tetsuo Yamane (Butantan Institute, São Paulo)
  SOURCE OF FUNDING: American Academy
  
  
• Violent Conflict in the 21st Century: The end of the Cold War reduced the importance of certain well-studied issues such as deterrence, limited war, arms races and alliance structures. The concept of security studies had to be redefined to encompass resource, economic, environmental, demographic, and cultural issues. Against a background of changing international politics, the Academy convened a multidisciplinary conference to analyze the direction of international security, to explore current and foreseeable sources of conflict, to examine the instruments that might be used in these conflicts, and to discuss ways that future conflicts might be mitigated. The resulting report provides a way of thinking and teaching about new research directions and policy agendas for international security studies in the coming decades.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1997-1999
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Charles Hermann (Texas A&M University) and Harold K. Jacobson (University of Michigan)
  RESULTING PUBLICATION: “Violent Conflict in the 21st Century: Causes, Instruments & Mitigation,” eds. Charles Hermann, Harold K. Jacobson, and Anne S. Moffat. Chicago: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1999. Available from the Academy.
  SOURCE OF FUNDING: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION: Midwest Consortium for International Security Studies
  
  
• Culture and the Production of Insecurity: Genocide in Rwanda, instability in the Middle East, anarchy on the Internet—insecurities abound. But do they occur "naturally," or are they, as this path-breaking volume suggests, cultural and social productions? About 30 scholars in political science, anthropology, and cultural studies assembled to discuss culture as both a source of insecurity and an object of analysis. The resulting collection of essays examines the cultural production of insecurity in local, national, and international contexts.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1995-1999
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Raymond Duvall (University of Minnesota)
  RESULTING PUBLICATION: “Cultures of Insecurity,” eds. Jutta Weldes, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson, and Raymond Duvall. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999. Available from publisher.
  SOURCES OF FUNDING: Social Science Research Council-MacArthur Foundation Committee on International Peace and Security, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, University of Minnesota, Kent State University
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS: Midwest Consortium for International Security Studies, University of Minnesota
  
  
• Small Arms and Light Weapons: In 1994, the Committee on International Security Studies (CISS) hosted the first major international workshop on the dangers posed by the increased proliferation of small arms and light weapons to areas of conflict around the world. Academic analysts, government officials, representatives from human rights groups and other non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other experts stressed the extensive gaps in knowledge and urgent need for more information, analysis, discussion, and ideas for monitoring and controlling trade in these weapons. Three years later, CISS joined with the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict to host a second workshop examining the many policy initiatives being untaken by national governments, regional and international organizations, and NGOs to control the deadly traffic in small arms and light weapons. The project’s directors organized a 1995 Pugwash workshop on the topic; presented at international policy workshops hosted by the governments of Canada, Belgium, and Switzerland; served on the board of the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA); and consulted to the World Bank.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1994-1999
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Jeffrey Boutwell (American Academy) and Michael Klare (Hampshire College)
  RESULTING PUBLICATIONS:
  “Lethal Commerce: The Global Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons,” eds. Jeffrey Boutwell, Michael T. Klare, and Laura W. Reed. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995. (out of print) To read the Introduction and Table of Contents, click here.
  
  “Small Arms and Light Weapons: Controlling the Real Instruments of War,” by Jeffrey Boutwell and Michael Klare, Arms Control Today, August/September 1998. Click here to read.
  
  “Light Weapons and Civil Conflict: Controlling the Tools of Violence,” eds. Jeffrey Boutwell and Michael T. Klare. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999. Available from publisher.
  
  “A Scourge of Small Arms,” by Jeffrey Boutwell and Michael T. Klare, Scientific American, June 2000. Click here to read.
  
  SOURCES OF FUNDING: Ford Foundation, Ploughshares Fund, John Merck Fund, S.H. Cowell Foundation, Winston Foundation for World Peace, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict
  
  
• Environmental Scarcities, State Capacity, and Civil Violence: A follow up to an earlier Academy study titled “Environmental Change and Acute Conflict,” this project examined how state capacity influences governmental responses to environmental scarcities, and potential subsequent conflict, in developing countries. Focusing on case studies of India, China, Indonesia, and Malawi, project participants investigated the ability of these countries to marshal the necessary technical, financial, and political resources to adapt to what could be severe environmental stresses (the result of accelerating losses of water, topsoil, forests, and fisheries) in coming years. Project workshops were held in Delhi, Hong Kong, and Jakarta, and study participants conducted briefings for U.S. and Canadian government leaders, including officials from the White House, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the State and Defense departments.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1994-1999
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Thomas Homer-Dixon (University of Toronto)
  RESULTING PUBLICATIONS:
  “The Case Study of China; Reforms and Resources: The Implications for State Capacity in the PRC,” by Elizabeth Economy. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1997. Available from the Academy.
  
  “The Case Study of Indonesia” by Charles Victor Barber. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1997. Available from the Academy.
  
  “The Economic Costs of China’s Environmental Degradation,” by Václav Smil and Mao Yushi. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1998. (out of print)
  
  “Environment, Scarcity, and Violence,” by Thomas Homer-Dixon. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. Available from publisher.
  
  “Malawi at the Threshold: resources, conflict and ingenuity in a newly democratic state,” by Diana Cammack. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2001. Available from the Academy.
  
  SOURCES OF FUNDING: Rockefeller Foundation, Pew Global Stewardship Initiative, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION: Peace and Conflict Studies Program at University College of the University of Toronto
  
  
• The Ethics of Nationalism: The Academy co-sponsored a conference at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, that invited philosophers and political scientists to examine what was driving the global resurgence of nationalism and to discuss how the conflicts it engenders can be resolved. An enhanced understanding of nationalism is crucial to the formulation of American foreign policy in the post-Cold War era. The bulk of the literature, at the time, on nationalism tended to focus on descriptive and prescriptive themes and issues of policy. This collection, however, focused on the deeper moral issues that must be addressed if a policy prescription is to be well-grounded.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1994-1997
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Jeffrey McMahan and Robert McKim (both of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign)
  RESULTING PUBLICATION: “The Morality of Nationalism,” eds. Robert McKim and Jeff McMahan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Available from publisher.
  SOURCE OF FUNDING: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS: Midwest Consortium for International Security Studies, University of Illinois
  
  
• Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention: This multi-pronged project examined shifts in the boundaries between the internal affairs of member states whose sovereignty is protected by the United Nations Charter and those matters which the U.N. and other international organizations deem to be within their cognizance. The study addressed how emerging norms of third-party intervention can be strengthened across a range of issues, from traditional concerns of international security to such problems as civil strife, environmental disasters, and violations of basic human rights. At a time when the U.S. government was increasing its involvement in international peacekeeping missions, the Academy project engaged the talents of a wide range of academic, governmental, and military specialists to analyze the potential costs and benefits of the concept of justified intervention by the international community.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1992-1996
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Carl Kaysen (MIT) and Abram Chayes (Harvard Law School)
  RESULTING PUBLICATIONS:
  “Emerging Norms of Justified Intervention,” eds. Laura W. Reed and Carl Kaysen. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1993. (out of print) To view the Introductory Note and Table of Contents, click here.
  
  “Collective Responses to Regional Problems: The Case of Latin America and the Caribbean,” eds. Carl Kaysen, Robert A. Pastor and Laura W. Reed. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1994. Available from the Academy.
  
  “Peace Operations by the United Nations: The Case for a Volunteer U.N. Military Force,” by Carl Kaysen and George Rathjens. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1996. Available from the Academy.
  
  SOURCES OF FUNDING: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Bechtel Foundation, Ploughshares Fund, Citibank N.A.
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS: Midwest Consortium for International Security Studies, University of Illinois
  
  
• Preservation of Near-Earth Space for Future Generations: This symposium brought together physical scientists, legal experts, space program directors, economists, political scientists, and policymakers from all space-faring nations to discuss how to mitigate the problem of ever-increasing quantities of man-made orbital debris in space. This debris produces serious hazards to spacecraft, space stations and astronauts, and the symposium explored the economic, legal, and political issues that must be faced in designing an international agreement to control orbital debris. Participants agreed that developing a treaty that ensured international cooperation among the space-faring nations would be an important step forward, and would require both civil and military preparation, as well as interdisciplinary involvement in design and implementation. The resulting book includes versions of the papers prepared by participants in advance of the symposium, as well as excerpts from the discussion sessions.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1992-1994
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: John A. Simpson (University of Chicago)
  RESULTING PUBLICATION: “Preservation of Near-Earth Space for Future Generations,” ed. John A. Simpson. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Available from publisher.
  SOURCES OF FUNDING: University of Chicago, American Academy
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION: University of Chicago
  
  
• US-USSR Environmental Protection Institutions: Representatives of two of the world’s major industrial nations, and thus major polluters, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., met in August 1991 at the Rockefeller Conference Center in Bellagio, Italy, to discuss ways to improve environmental protection practices in the two nations. Seminar participants discussed issues facing both nations, including whether regulation should be centralized or decentralized, and how to balance economic development and environmental safety. This Academy-sponsored conference sparked particular interest because the two countries had different systems of land use and air and water rights, as well as different administrative and institutional economic arrangements and legal frameworks. The resulting Bellagio Declaration of environmental principles applicable to all industrial nations was read into the Congressional Record. The conference ended just days before the breakup of the Soviet Union. Participants from the former Soviet Union completed the work while representing multiple countries, showing that environmental concerns are regional concerns. Follow-up conferences in 1992 and 1994 focused on regional environmental protection and regional water resources, respectively.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1991-1994
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Charles M. Haar (Harvard Law School) and Oleg S. Kolbasov (U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences’ Institute of State and Law)
  RESULTING PUBLICATION: “The 1991 Bellagio Conference on U.S.-U.S.S.R. Environmental Protection Institutions,” a special issue of the Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, vol. 19, no. 3, 1992.
  SOURCES OF FUNDING: American Academy, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Rockefeller Conference Center, John Merck Fund
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS: U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences’ Institute of State and Law, Ministry of Protection of the Natural Environment of Ukraine, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences’ V. Koretsky Institute of State and Law, Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences
  
  
• Global Climate Change: Working with the Argonne National Laboratory and the Midwest Consortium of International Security Studies, the Academy co-sponsored two conferences on global climate change, with one focusing on international security issues and the other focusing on social and economic consequences. Among the topics discussed were the economic effects of global warming and of policies designed to reduce the rate of carbon dioxide emission; government and public perceptions of the problem; and institutional capacity for dealing with international problems likely to have severe local impacts.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1991-1992
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Norman Graham (Michigan State University) and Harold Jacobson (University of Michigan)
  RESULTING PUBLICATIONS:
  “Global Climate Change and International Security,” ed. Marian Rice. Midwest Consortium for International Security Studies and Argonne National Laboratory, 1992. (out of print)
  
  “Global Climate Change: Social and Economic Research Issues,” eds. Marian Rice, Joel Snow and Harold Jacobson. Midwest Consortium for International Security Studies and Argonne National Laboratory, 1992. (out of print)
  
  SOURCE OF FUNDING: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS: Midwest Consortium for International Security Studies, Argonne National Laboratory
  
  
• Congress and Foreign Policy : This study brought together political scientists specializing in U.S. foreign policy and those studying Congress to examine the impact of Congress on U.S. conduct of foreign affairs. At a 1990 workshop in Columbus, Ohio, participants explored the budget process, the budget and defense policy, the congressional role in foreign economic policy and the use of force, the changing congressional role in the practice of diplomacy, and the capacity of Congress to initiate foreign policy and set national priorities. The resulting essays focus on how Congress handles foreign policy and the impact Congress has on specific domains of foreign policy.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1990-1993
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Randall B. Ripley (Ohio State University) and James M. Lindsay (University of Iowa)
  RESULTING PUBLICATION: “Congress Resurgent: Foreign and Defense Policy on Capitol Hill,” eds. Randall B. Ripley and James M. Lindsay. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993. Available from publisher.
  SOURCE OF FUNDING: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS: Midwest Consortium for International Security Studies, Mershon Center of Ohio State University
  
  
• Environmental Change and Acute Conflict: Initiated in 1990, this project investigated how environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources might contribute to social strife and conflict in many parts of the world. The research looked specifically at the links between environmental change and violent conflict in three areas: water scarcity and degradation; population displacement; and environmentally caused economic decline. The project drew together more than 40 scholars, scientists, policymakers, and security specialists from North America and the developing countries in the study, enhancing both the effectiveness of environmental policy and an understanding of the cultural and political dynamics in regions under investigation. The project included workshops in Toronto and Cambridge; briefings for policymakers and the media in Ottawa and Washington; and publication of several project papers in the Academy’s Occasional Paper series.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1990-1993
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Thomas Homer-Dixon (University of Toronto), George Rathjens (MIT), and Jeffrey Boutwell (American Academy)
  RESULTING PUBLICATIONS:
  “Environmental Change and Violent Conflict,” by Thomas Homer-Dixon. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, June 1990. (out of print)
  
  “Water and Conflict” by Peter H. Gleick, and “West Bank Water Resources and the Resolution of Conflict in the Middle East,” by Miriam R. Lowi. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, September 1992. (out of print)
  
  “Environmental Change as a Source of Conflict and Economic Losses in China,” by Václav Smil, and “Imminent Political Conflicts Arising from China’s Environmental Crises,” by Jack A. Goldstone. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, December 1992. (out of print)
  
  “Pressure Points: Environmental Degradation, Migration and Conflict,” by Astri Suhrke, and “Bangladesh and Assam: Land Pressures, Migration and Ethnic Conflict,” by Sanjoy Hazarika. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, March 1993. (out of print)
  
  SOURCES OF FUNDING: Pew Charitable Trusts, W. Alton Jones Foundation, Asia Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION: Peace and Conflict Studies Program at University College of the University of Toronto
  
  
• Middle East Security Studies: This project examined the major political, economic, and security obstacles standing in the way of a durable Israeli-Palestinian peace settlement. Initiated in 1989, this study convened multiple conferences and study groups — in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East — that focused on specific contentious issues, including the Palestinian “Right to Return,” the status of Jerusalem, the Middle East arms race, the role of Jordan and Egypt in securing regional peace, and the transition to Palestinian self-rule. Many international events — including the 1991 Gulf War, the 1993 signing of the Oslo Accords between Israel and the PLO, and the 1995 assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Itzhak Rabin — affected the course and direction of this study. The study group on Israeli-Palestinian security relations received widespread media attention for helping to facilitate the signing of the Oslo Accords. The Academy published two reports and several papers produced by this project.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1989-1997
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Everett Mendelsohn (Harvard University) and Philip Khoury (MIT)
  RESULTING PUBLICATIONS:
  “Middle East Security: Two Views,” by Ahmad S. Khalidi and Yair Evron. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, May 1990. (out of print)
  
  “The Palestinian Right of Return: Two Views” by Rashid I. Khalidi and Itamar Rabinovich. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, October 1990. (out of print)
  
  “Negotiating the Non-Negotiable: Jerusalem in the Framework of an Israeli-Palestinian Settlement,” by Naomi Chazan, with commentary by Fouad Moughrabi and Rashid I. Khalidi. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, March 1991. (out of print)
  
  “The Saladin Syndrome: Lessons from the Gulf War,” by Ze’ev Schiff and Walid Khalidi. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, August 1991. (out of print)
  
  “Transition to Palestinian Self-Government: Practical Steps Toward Israeli-Palestinian Peace,” by Ann Mosely-Leach, principal author. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992. Available from the Academy.
  
  “Israeli-Palestinian Security: Issues in the Permanent Status Negotiations,” eds. Jeffrey Boutwell and Everett Mendelsohn. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995. Available from the Academy.
  
  SOURCES OF FUNDING: Ford Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Institute for Palestine Studies, Netherlands Organization for International Development Cooperation, and the German aid agency EZE
  
  
• Women and the Use of Force: The Academy organized two workshops to explore the role of women in developing and implementing national security policy. Participants examined feminist views of war, political theory that deals with women and the use of force, and psychological and sociological perspectives on sex roles relating to women’s participation in the use of military force. The resulting book explores the gender gap in public opinion polls and stereotypical perceptions of women’s use of force. It also analyzes women’s roles in the use of force as members of the military and as policymakers.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1989-1993
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Ruth H. Howes and Michael R. Stevenson (both from Ball State University)
  RESULTING PUBLICATION: “Women and the Use of Military Force,” eds. Ruth H. Howes and Michael R. Stevenson. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publisher, 1993. (out of print)
  SOURCE OF FUNDING: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATIONS: Ball State University, Midwest Consortium for International Security Studies
  
  
• The Changing Soviet Union and Western Security Policy: Between the first meeting for this project and the 1992 publication of the book, the Soviet Union collapsed. This created profound implications for the way Americans and the West thought about security policy. The earlier meetings brought together Soviet and U.S. scholars and security policy specialists to discuss changes in the Soviet Union, and the later session also invited specialists in Eastern European affairs. The resulting book focuses on the changes leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and their connections to Soviet and then Russian foreign and military policy. The book examines the dynamics of U.S.-Soviet interactions, the prospects for peace and stability in the new world, and the changed relevance of deterrence. According to the authors, the central task for American security policy is to encourage the growth of economic markets and political democracy in the part of the world previously dominated by Soviet power.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1989-1992
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: William Zimmerman (University of Michigan)
  RESULTING PUBLICATION: “Beyond the Soviet Threat: Rethinking American Security Policy in a New Era,” ed. William Zimmerman. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992. Available from publisher.
  SOURCE OF FUNDING: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION: Midwest Consortium for International Security Studies
  
  
• The Genetic Revolution: The Academy sponsored a conference on genetic engineering, examining both the risks and possible benefits. Participants included scientists, political scientists, a lawyer, and representatives of public and non-profit agencies. The resulting volume of papers concentrates on the scientific principles required to understand the issues that lie at the core of public concern and, therefore, of policy development. The authors agreed that public understanding and consensus is required when balancing scientific risks and moral, social, or psychological concerns against possible benefits of genetic engineering. A realistic public policy must deal with probabilities rather than seeking an unattainable absolute security.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1989-1991
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Bernard D. Davis (Harvard Medical School)
  RESULTING PUBLICATION: “The Genetic Revolution: Scientific Prospects and Public Perceptions,” ed. Bernard D. Davis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. (out of print)
  SOURCES OF FUNDING: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust, Rockefeller Foundation
  
  
• The Cold War as Cooperation: This project examined superpower relations during the Cold War as a cooperative effort in order to illuminate the constraints and opportunities that will influence possible superpower cooperation in the future. Defining cooperation as behaviors that acknowledge that compromise solutions to conflict are preferable to war, a group of political scientists and area specialists reexamined U.S.-U.S.S.R. relations in Eastern and Western Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1989-1991
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Edward Kolodziej and Roger Kanet (both from University of Illinois)
  RESULTING PUBLICATION: “The Cold War as Cooperation: Superpower Cooperation in Regional Conflict Management,” eds. Roger E. Kanet and Edward A. Kolodziej. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. and Washington, D.C.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. (out of print)
  SOURCE OF FUNDING: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  COLLABORATING ORGANIZATION: Midwest Consortium for International Security Studies
  
  
• The Fundamentalism Project: From 1987 to 1995, the Academy undertook a major comparative study of anti-modernist, anti-secular militant religious movements on five continents and within seven world religious traditions. Drawing on the expertise of hundreds of scholars across the globe, the project convened 10 conferences, involved thousands of hours of fieldwork, and examined the nature of fundamentalist movements, their institutions, and their relation to governmental policies. The study revealed similarities among fundamentalist movements, even across religious traditions, and the distinct cultural, social, and political contexts in which various movements emerged. This initiative resulted in five encyclopedic scholarly volumes, published as a series; a series of documentary film and radio programs, aired on PBS and NPR, and produced in collaboration with the BBC; a companion book to the television and radio series; and three additional books. The information and analysis produced by this study continue to inform the public agenda as the United States struggles to deal with the impact of religious fundamentalism on international security in the 21st century.
  
  PROJECT DATE: 1987-1995
  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: Martin E. Marty (University of Chicago) and R. Scott Appleby (University of Notre Dame)
  RESULTING PUBLICATIONS:
  “Fundamentalisms Observed,” eds. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991. Vol. 1 of series. Winner of the 1991 American Association of Publishers Award for Best Book in Philosophy and Religion.
  
  “Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education,” eds. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Vol. 2 of series.
  
  “Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance,” eds. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Vol. 3 of series.
  
  “Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements,” eds. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. Vol. 4 of series.
  
  “Fundamentalisms Comprehended,” eds. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. Vol. 5 of series. Entire series available from publisher.
  
  “Islamic Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis,” ed. James Piscatori. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1991. (out of print)
  
  “The Glory and the Power: The Fundamentalist Challenge to the Modern World,” by Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992. This book was a companion to a PBS television and NPR radio series developed in connection with the Fundamentalism Project. (out of print)
  
  “Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East,” ed. R Scott Appleby. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Available from publisher.
  
  “Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms Around the World,” by Gabriel A. Almond, R. Scott Appleby, and Emmanuel Sivan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Available from publisher.
  
  SOURCE OF FUNDING: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  
  
  

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