Bibliographical Information
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Collective Responses to
Regional Problems: The Case of Latin America and the Carribean
Edited by Carl Kaysen, Robert A. Pastor, and Laura W. Reed
(Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1994)
Table of Contents |
Preface
This volume contains a series of essays and commentaries that were
originally presented on September 20-21, 1993, at a conference at the Carter
Center in Atlanta, Georgia. The conference examined the record of international
action to with regional problems as well as the policy implications of the
recent shift greater democracy and the changing relationships among Latin
American countries and the United States. Professor Robert A. Pastor of the
Carter Center, Emory University, presided over the selection of topics and
authors.
On the first day of the conference, President of Haiti
Jean-Bertrand Aristide made an impassioned plea for outside intervention to
help achieve his reinstatement to his democratically-elected office. The
tenuous situation in Haiti highlights the gravity of the issues explored in
this volume. There is little question that an expanded notion of justified
intervention has emerged in the past few years, but the diversity of views
presented in this study suggests that many obstacles must be overcome before a
consensus can be reached about what collective involvement is appropriate to
stop conflicts that often lead to bloodshed and human suffering.
This volume is part of a larger project on 'Emerging Norms of
Justified Intervention," sponsored by the Committee on International Security
Studies of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, with funding from the
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The aim of the overall project
is to examine recent shifts in the boundaries between the internal affairs of
member states whose sovereignty is protected by the United Nations Charter and
those matters which the UN and other international organizations deem to be
within their cognizance. For many nations, the concept of justified intervention
has long been seen as a contradiction in terms. The justification, however
couched, was all too likely to result in the extension of power or the
projection of ideology. But the increased opportunities for collective
international action presented since the end of the Cold War have provoked UN
responses to aggression in Kuwait, to famine and anarchy in Somalia, to civil
war and military occupation in Cambodia, and to dictatorship in Haiti, among
other actions. Our inquiry seeks to determine whether recent instances of
collective action represent more than the temporary convergence of historical
circumstances. Do these collective actions reflect the emergence of new norms,
shaped by all nations, subordinating the prerogatives of national sovereignty
to the recognition of a common humanity?
To answer this broad question, the American Academy assembled an
international team of scholars, policy makers, and lawyers to conduct research
in two realms: broad conceptual analyses of the changing relationship between
third party intervention and nation-state sovereignty; and detailed studies of
individual instances of collective involvement in Latin America and the
Caribbean. In July 1993, the project published a volume of essays entitled Emerging
Norms of Justified Intervention. This earlier collection of essays
offers an analytical framework relevant to the more concrete discussion of
recent Latin American experience presented here. Two essays from the previous
volume may be worth singling out for particular applicability: "Forward to the
Beginning: Widening the Scope for Collective Action" by Robert A. Pastor, and
the "Introduction" by Anne-Marie Slaughter Burley and Carl Kaysen.
The next step of the project was a regional study of the Latin
American and Caribbean experience. Latin America was chosen primarily because
of our sense that normative change had both gone further and received more
explicit formulation than in other regions. This volume is the product of this
regional study. The essays were discussed by invited commentators and other
participants and subsequently revised. In addition, conferees discussed some
hypothetical scenarios of regional problems that might elicit a collective
response as a method of testing some of the ideas presented by the authors. A
summary of that discussion is included, along with a list of participants.
The overall project is under the joint direction of Carl Kaysen
(Defense and Arms Control Studies, MIT) and Abram Chayes (Harvard Law School).
The next stage of the project will include a study of the recent experience and
problems of the area of the former Soviet Union and its neighbors, and an
analysis of the role of military force in UN peacemaking and peacekeeping.
Editorial, research, and organizational assistance was provided by Jeffrey
Boutwell and Laura Reed of the Academy staff, with the guidance of a steering
committee listed at the end of this volume. Annette Mann Bourne served as
production editor.
This volume was made possible by grants from the John D. and
Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and CITIBANK.
- The Editors
Table of Contents
Preface
Introduction: Collective Opportunities
Carl Kaysen and Robert A. Pastor
Making the Western Hemisphere Safe for Democracy? The OAS
Defense-of-Democracy Regime
Richard J. Bloomfield
Domestic Elections as International Events
James N. Rosenau and W. Michael Fagen
Comment by Larry Garber
International Human Rights Litigation in Latin America:
The OAS Human Rights System
José Miguel Vivanco
Comment by Abram Chayes
Collective Mediations in the Caribbean Basin
Luis G. Solis
Comment by Joe Clark
Regional Initiatives for Peace and Democracy: The Collective
Diplomacy of the Rio Group
Alicia Frohmann
Comment by Peter Hakim
Rapporteur's Report
Brett Ashley Leeds and Carl Kaysen
Appendix 1: The Santiago Commitment to Democracy and Resolution
1080
Appendix 2: A Summary of Recent Latin American and Caribbean
Elections
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