Robert M. Glaeser

Leader in extending electron cryo-microscopy (ECM) of biological specimens to atomic resolution in three key areas: use of frozen-hydrated specimens to preserve structure and reduce radiation damage, use of low dose to minimize damage, and use of coherent high-voltage electron sources to preserve high resolution information, as well as development of phase contrast devices. In 1974, built the first EM cold stage for biology and obtained 3.4A data from frozen-hydrated crystalline catalase. In 1971, proposed one could minimize specimen damage by taking noisy (low-dose) images and averaging images to increase signal to noise. In 1978, determined that ECM reduced specimen damage by10-fold. In 1979, increased resolution using a highly coherent, high-voltage electron source.